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非晶态固体：结构和特性（英文版）

作者：
Zbigniew H. Stachurski
定价：
99.00 元
版面字数：
360千字
开本：
16开
装帧形式：
精装
页数：
287
最新
印次时间：
2015年1月
ISBN：
978-7-04-042629-8
物料号：
42629-00
出版时间：
2015年6月
读者对象：
学术著作
一级分类：
自然科学
二级分类：
材料
三级分类：
晶体材料

本书是根据多年教学实践，参照“工科类本科数学基础课程教学基本要求”和《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学考试大纲》，按照新形势下教材改革的精神编写而成。 与同类教材不同，本书将数学软件Mathematica 融入到教学实践环节中，对传统的高等数学教学内容和体系进行适当整合，力求严谨清晰，富于启发性和可读性。

全书分上、 下两册。 上册内容为函数与极限，导数与微分，微分中值定理与导数的应用，一元函数积分学及其应用和无穷级数。下册内容为向量代数与空间解析几何，多元函数微分学及其应用，重积分，曲线积分与曲面积分及常微分方程。书中还配备了丰富的例题和习题，分为A（为一般基本要求）、 B（有一定难度和深度）两类，便于分层次教学。

本书可作为高等学校理、工科各类专业高等数学课程的教材。

  • 目录
    • Preface
      • 1 Spheres， Clusters and Packing of Spheres
        • 1.1 Introduction
          • 1.2 Geometry of Spheres
            • 1.2.1 A Sphere and Its Neighbours
              • 1.2.2 Neighbours by Touching
                • 1.2.3 Hard and Soft Spheres
                • 1.3 Geometry of Clusters
                  • 1.3.1 Regular Clusters
                    • 1.3.2 Irregular Clusters
                      • 1.3.3 Coordination of （1+k） Clusters
                        • 1.3.3.1 Blocking Model for Cluster Formation
                          • 1.3.3.2 Furth Model for Cluster Formation
                          • 1.3.4 Configuration of （1+k） Clusters
                            • 1.3.4.1 Regular Clusters
                              • 1.3.4.2 Irregular Clusters
                                • 1.3.4.3 Closing Vector Based on Radial Vector Polygon
                                  • 1.3.4.4 Physical Meaning of the Closing Vector，
                                    • 1.3.4.5 Spherical Harmonics
                                  • 1.4 Geometry of Sphere Packings
                                    • 1.4.1 Fixed and Loose Packings
                                      • 1.4.2 Ordered Packing
                                        • 1.4.3 Disordered Packing
                                          • 1.4.4 Random Packing
                                            • 1.4.5 Random Sequential Addition of Hard Spheres
                                              • 1.4.6 Random Closed Packing of Spheres
                                                • 1.4.7 Neighbours by Voronoi Tessellation
                                                  • 1.4.8 Neighbours by Coordination Shell
                                                    • 1.4.8.1 Pair Distribution Function
                                                      • 1.4.8.2 The Probability of Contacts
                                                        • 1.4.8.3 Contact Configuration Function
                                                        • 1.4.9 Short and Medium Range Order
                                                        • References
                                                        • 2 Characteristics of Sphere Packings
                                                          • 2.1 Geometrical Properties
                                                            • 2.1.1 The Coordination Distribution Function， ~P（k）
                                                              • 2.1.2 Tetrahedricity
                                                                • 2.1.3 Voronoi Polyhedra Notation
                                                                  • 2.1.4 Topology of Clusters
                                                                    • 2.1.4.1 Ordered Clusters
                                                                      • 2.1.4.2 Irregular Clusters
                                                                      • 2.1.5 The Configuration Distribution Function， Φk（ζ）
                                                                        • 2.1.6 The Volume Fraction
                                                                          • 2.1.6.1 Regular Polyhedra
                                                                            • 2.1.6.2 Irregular Polyhedra
                                                                            • 2.1.7 The Packing Fraction
                                                                              • 2.1.7.1 The Average Packing Fraction for the Round Cell
                                                                                • 2.1.7.2 The Local Packing Fraction
                                                                                  • 2.1.7.3 The Limits of Packing Fraction
                                                                                  • 2.1.8 Representative Volume Element
                                                                                    • 2.1.9 Density of Single Phase
                                                                                      • 2.1.9.1 Density of Crystalline Solid
                                                                                        • 2.1.9.2 Density of Amorphous Solid
                                                                                        • 2.1.10 Density of a Composite
                                                                                          • 2.1.11 Solidity of Packing
                                                                                          • 2.2 X-ray Scattering
                                                                                            • 2.2.1 Introduction
                                                                                              • 2.2.2 Geometry of Diffraction and Scattering
                                                                                                • 2.2.3 Intensity of a Scattered Wave
                                                                                                  • 2.2.3.1 Amorphous Solid
                                                                                                    • 2.2.3.2 Ehrenfest Formula
                                                                                                      • 2.2.3.3 Polyatomic Solid
                                                                                                      • 2.2.4 Factors Affecting Integrated Scattered Intensity
                                                                                                        • 2.2.4.1 Integrated Intensity of Powder Pattern Lines from Crystalline Body
                                                                                                          • 2.2.4.2 Integrated Scattered Intensity from Monoatomic Body
                                                                                                        • 2.3 Glass Transition Measured by Calorimetry
                                                                                                          • References
                                                                                                          • 3 Glassy Materials and Ideal Amorphous Solids
                                                                                                            • 3.1 Introduction
                                                                                                              • 3.1.1 Solidification
                                                                                                                • 3.1.1.1 Solidification by Means of Crystallization
                                                                                                                  • 3.1.1.2 Solidification through Vitrification
                                                                                                                  • 3.1.2 Cognate Groups of Amorphous Materials （Glasses）
                                                                                                                    • 3.1.2.1 Metallic Glasses
                                                                                                                      • 3.1.2.2 Inorganic Glasses
                                                                                                                        • 3.1.2.3 Organic Glasses
                                                                                                                          • 3.1.2.4 Amorphous Thin Films
                                                                                                                        • 3.2 Summary of Models of Amorphous Solids
                                                                                                                          • 3.2.1 Lattice with Atomic Disorder
                                                                                                                            • 3.2.2 Disordered Clusters on Lattice
                                                                                                                              • 3.2.3 Geometric Models for Amorphous Networks
                                                                                                                                • 3.2.4 Packing of Regular but Incongruent Clusters
                                                                                                                                  • 3.2.5 Irregular Clusters - Random Packing
                                                                                                                                    • 3.2.6 Molecular Dynamics
                                                                                                                                      • 3.2.7 Monte Carlo Method
                                                                                                                                      • 3.3 IAS Model of a-Argon
                                                                                                                                        • 3.3.1 IAS Parameters
                                                                                                                                          • 3.3.2 Round Cell Simulation and Analysis
                                                                                                                                            • 3.3.2.1 Coordination Distribution Function
                                                                                                                                              • 3.3.2.2 Voronoi Volume and Configuration Distribution Functions
                                                                                                                                                • 3.3.2.3 Radial Distribution Function
                                                                                                                                                  • 3.3.2.4 X-ray Scattering from the IAS Model
                                                                                                                                                    • 3.3.2.5 Crystalline and Amorphous Cluster
                                                                                                                                                    • 3.3.3 Summary of a-Ar IAS Structure
                                                                                                                                                    • 3.4 IAS Model of a-NiNb Alloy
                                                                                                                                                      • 3.4.1 Introduction
                                                                                                                                                        • 3.4.2 IAS Model of a-NiNb Alloy
                                                                                                                                                          • 3.4.2.1 Coordination Distribution Functions
                                                                                                                                                            • 3.4.2.2 Voronoi Volume Distribution
                                                                                                                                                              • 3.4.2.3 Pair Distribution Function
                                                                                                                                                                • 3.4.2.4 Probability of Contacts
                                                                                                                                                                • 3.4.3 X-ray Scattering from a-NiNb Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.4.3.1 Experimental Results
                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.4.3.2 Theoretical Results
                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.4.4 Density of a-Ni62-Nb38 Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.4.4.1 Crystalline Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.4.4.2 Amorphous Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.4.5 Summary of a-NiNb IAS Structure
                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.5 IAS Model of a-MgCuGd Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.5.1 Physical Properties of the Elements
                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.5.2 IAS Simulation of a-MgCuGd Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.5.2.1 Coordination Distribution Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.5.2.2 Configuration Distribution Function
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.5.2.3 Radial Distribution Function
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.5.2.4 Probability of Contacts
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.5.2.5 Cluster Composition According to IAS
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.5.2.6 Cluster Composition According to MD
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.5.3 X-ray Scattering from a-Mg65-Cu25-Gd10 Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.5.3.1 Fiat Plate X-ray Scattering Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.5.3.2 Calibration based on Si Powder Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.5.3.3 Uncertainties and Corrections
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.5.4 Density of Mg65-Cu25-Gd10 Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.5.4.1 Crystalline Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.5.4.2 Amorphous Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.5.5 Summary of a-MgCuGd 1AS Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.6 IAS Model of a-ZrTiCuNiBe Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.6.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.6.2 IAS Simulation of Amorphous a-ZrTiCuNiBe Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.6.2.1 Coordination Distribution Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.6.2.2 Voronoi Volume Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.6.2.3 Radial Distribution Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.6.3 Atomic Probe of the a-ZrTiCuNiBe Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.6.3.1 Probability of Contacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.6.4 Selected Clusters from the a-ZrTiCuNiBe Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.6.5 X-ray Scattering from the a-ZrTiCuNiBe Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.6.6 Density of ZrTiCuNiBe Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.6.6.1 Crystalline Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.6.6.2 Amorphous Alloy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.6.6.3 Vitreloy Alloys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.6.7 Summary of a-ZrTiCuNiBe IAS Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.7 IAS Model of a-Polyethylene （a-PE）
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.7.1 Radial Distribution Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.7.2 X-ray Scattering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.7.2.1 Short-Range Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.7.3 Summary of a-PE IAS Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.8 IAS Model of a-Silica （a-SiO2）
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.8.1 Molecular Parameters for SiO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.8.2 IAS and United Atom Models for SiO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.8.3 Summary of a-SiO2 IAS Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.9 Chalcogenide Glasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.9.1 As12-Ge33-Se55 Chalcogenide Glass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.9.2 Measured Coordination Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.9.3 Measured X-ray Scattering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.9.4 Glass-Transition Temperature of AsGeSe Glasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.9.5 Models of Atomic Arrangements in AsGeSe Glass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.9.5.1 IAS Model of AsGeSe Glass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.9.5.2 Other Models of AsGeSe Glass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.9.6 Summary of a-AsGeSe IAS Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.10 Concluding Remarks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.10.1 Chapter 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.10.2 Chapter 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • References
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4 Mechanical Behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1 Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2 Elasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Phenomenology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Continuum Mechanics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.2.2.1 Calculation of Average Elastic Constants - Aggregate Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.2.2.2 Green's Elastic Strain Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.2.3 Atomistic Elasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.2.3.1 Calculation of an Elastic Constant for Single Crystal of Argon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.3 Elastic Properties of Amorphous Solids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.3.1 Elastic Modulus of Amorphous Argon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.4 Fracture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.4.1 Phenomenology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.4.2 Continuum Mechanics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.4.2.1 Definition of Fracture Mechanics: Fracture Toughness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.4.2.2 Elastic Strain Energy Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.4.2.3 Solid Surface Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.4.2.4 Griffith's Fracture Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.4.2.5 The Role of Defects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.4.3 Atomistic Fracture Mechanics of Solids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.4.3.1 Theoretical Cleavage Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.4.3.2 Theoretical Shear Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.5 Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.5.1 Phenomenology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.5.2 Continumm Mechanics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5.2.1 Tresca Yield Criterion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.5.2.2 Huber-von Mises Criterion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.5.3 Atomistic Mechanics of Crystalline Solids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.5.3.1 Strain Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.5.3.2 Grain Boundary Strengthening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.5.3.3 Solid Solution Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.5.3.4 Precipitation Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.5.3.5 Mechanisms of Plastic Flow in Crystalline Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.5.3.6 Displacement of Atoms Around Dislocations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5.3.7 Critical Shear Stress to Move Dislocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.6 Plasticity in Plasticity: Amorphous Solids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.6.1 Plastic Deformation by Shear Band Propagation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.7 Superplasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.7.1 Phenomenology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.7.2 Continuum Mechanics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.7.3 Superplasticity in Bulk Metallic Glasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.7.3.1 Calculation of Strain Rate for Superplasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.7.4 Concordant Deformation Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.7.4.1 Density Variation in Amorphous Solids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.7.4.2 The 'Inclusion' Problem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.7.4.3 The System without Transformation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.7.4.4 The System with Transformation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.7.4.5 Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.8 Viscoelasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.8.1 Phenomenology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.8.2 Time-and Temperature-Dependent Behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.8.2.1 Definitions of Viscosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.8.2.2 Order of Magnitude Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.8.3 Temperature Effect on Viscoelastic Behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.8.3.1 Arrhenius Behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.8.3.2 Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann Behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • References
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Index
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Color Plots